Tag: billions

Mars: A Cold, Wet Wasteland Billions of Years Ago Today, Mars is known for being cold and dry. However, scientists have always been intrigued by the possibility of liquid water on its surface billions of years ago. A recent study published in Communications Earth and Environment on July 7 delves into data from soil samples collected by NASA's Curiosity rover, offering insights into what Mars may have been like in its ancient past. [ Related: NASA’s Curiosity rover captures a moody Martian sunset for the first time ] NASA's Curiosity rover has been exploring the Gale Crater on Mars for over a decade. This crater, formed by an asteroid impact 3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago, is believed to have once contained a lake. The soil samples gathered by Curiosity from the crater reveal unique characteristics such as silica content, high iron levels, and a lack of aluminum. Similar soil compositions on Earth are formed through a geological process called "serpentinization," which requires liquid water. The presence of materials resembling those found in the Gale Crater provides strong evidence that Mars was once a water-filled environment. Interestingly, the Martian soil samples are predominantly "x-ray amorphous," indicating a lack of a crystalline structure that is typically expected. This peculiar feature has puzzled scientists, leading to theories that suggest Mars has maintained cold temperatures that prevent the conversion of amorphous material into more stable mineral phases. Amorphous and nanocrystalline materials were confirmed through fast Fourier transform (FFT) scans presented as inset boxes. A Intermixed truly amorphous and nanocrystalline materials from the clay-size fraction from the BC horizon (23–33 cm depth interval) in the Eunice Bluff soil in the Klamath Mountains. Zones of nanocrystalline packets (FFT-2, EDS-2) contain elevated Fe content relative to truly amorphous gel material (FFT-1, EDS-1). B Amorphous gel material from the clay-size fraction from the Devil's Punchbowl soil (C Horizon, 20–35 cm depth interval). Credit: Feldman et al. Unable to directly study Martian soil, the researchers examined similar soil samples from Earth to draw parallels. Locations in California's Klamath Mountains, western Nevada, and Gros Morne National Park in Newfoundland provided valuable insights. Interestingly, samples from Newfoundland displayed x-ray amorphous characteristics, suggesting that cold climates play a crucial role in preserving such structures. The study underscores the importance of water in forming these unique materials and highlights the significance of cold temperatures in maintaining amorphous soil structures. It offers a fascinating glimpse into Mars' ancient environment when liquid water flowed on its surface, painting a picture of a harsh and unfriendly world.

Tag: billions

Mars was icy and wet billions of years ago, new study suggests

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